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Nothing new in disputes over loyal order marches

(Simon Doyle, Irish News)

It has been looking bleak on the parades front since 1995, or the 1820s, depending on who you ask. Northern Ireland is currently dotted with areas which over the last decade have become known as parades hot-spots, stretching from Belfast, to Derry, the Fermanagh border, Armagh and south Down.

But these flashpoints also existed in the early 19th century.

And while recent parades disputes are said to stem from the first Drumcree standoff in 1995, as far back as 1839 the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Ebrington, warned of the dangers of public processions.

Historian Eamon Phoenix said violence often accompanied Orange Order parades in the 1800s.

Trouble erupted after Orangemen held demonstrations in Belfast to protest against a ban on the Twelfth of July parade in 1829.

This resulted in fierce rioting in the city which also spread to Co Armagh and Co Tyrone.

Up to 20 people were reported to be killed in the fighting.

"Looking back over the last two centuries Orangeism has been associated with contentious marches which often tried to 'trail the coat' through areas that were majority Catholic or nationalist," Dr Phoenix said.

"In the 19th century the Orange Order tended to provoke sectarian affrays.

"The resentment has always been there. Tales of nationalists coming out and supporting Orange parades are largely a myth. There was always ongoing nationalist resentment."

Dr Phoenix said that in 1850 Orange Order parades were banned under the Party Processions Act, a year after the Battle of Dolly's Brae.

During this episode, Orangemen had announced their intention to march from Rathfriland to Castlewellan in Co Down through the Catholic townland of Dolly's Brae.

More than 1,500 armed Orangemen marched along the route and about 1,000 armed Catholic Ribbonmen gathered. Shots were fired from both sides and Catholic homes were set alight.

Estimates claim that between 30 and 80 Catholics were killed but that there were no fatalities among the Orangemen.

In 1857 government-appointed commissioners concluded that Orange festivals led to "violence, outrage, religious animosities, hatred between the classes and, too often, bloodshed and loss of life".

The Party Processions Act was repealed in 1872, five years after prominent Orangeman William Johnston from Ballykilbeg flouted the law and led a Twelfth march from Bangor to Newtownards.

Dr Phoenix said a speech made by Edward Carson in the field at Finaghy in 1920 sparked widespread violence which led to the expulsion of 8,000 Catholic workers from the shipyards in Belfast.

And in 1935 violence erupted after a loyal orders parade in Belfast, that was initially banned, was allowed to go ahead at the last minute.

The lifting of the ban – despite a recent spate of rioting in the city – sparked an outbreak of shootings in the York Street area in which up to 11 people were killed.

In recent years Newry has emerged as a marches flashpoint, with a number of band parades rerouted away from the centre of the predominantly nationalist city.

Nearby Annalong has also had its share of controversy in the past few years.

But the south Down area is no stranger to parades disputes.

Brian Faulkner's rise to power in the old Stormont regime was said to have been aided by his role in what became known as the Longstone Road affair in the 1950s.

Orangemen planned to parade through the nationalist area of south Down on July 12 1955 despite opposition from locals – objectors blew craters in the road two days before the march.

The parade, however, went ahead, led by Faulkner and escorted by hundreds of armed RUC officers amid angry and violent scenes.

Days later Faulkner banned an Irish cultural demonstration at Newtownbutler, Co Fermanagh. The RUC enforced the ban by using a water-canon for the first time in the force's history.

In August 1995 trouble erupted after police forcibly removed residents who blocked Derry's walls in an attempt to prevent the Apprentice Boys from marching on them.

The Apprentice Boys had not marched along the walls since August 1969, a period when tensions between nationalists and the RUC were high.

In July 1969, father of nine Sammy Devenney died from injuries he received when RUC officers beat him as he stood at the door of his home.

Just weeks later, as the August 12 Apprentice Boys parade approached, there were fears that the march would trigger widespread clashes.

On the day of the march sectarian violence broke out as the Apprentice Boys paraded past the edge of the Catholic Bogside.

Police officers intervened and charged at nationalist protesters forcing them into William Street.

Within hours the rioting had escalated. Police in riot gear were stoned and petrol bombed as they made their way into the Bogside.

The new Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, James Chichester-Clarke, called the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson asking for troops to be sent to Derry leading to what became known as the Battle of the Bogside.

Just as Derry city has a historic link to its current parades dispute, so too does Portadown.

In July 1995 nationalist residents blocked the Garvaghy Road for the first time, preventing Portadown Orangemen from marching their traditional route from Drumcree parish church.

The Orangemen vowed to stay at the church until they were allowed to parade and a stand-off developed.

Violence broke out as loyalists attempted to breach the lines and roads and ports were blocked across the north by protesters.

The violence marked the beginning of the current Drumcree crisis.

But Portadown also has a history of parades disputes, and one of the most infamous episodes came ten years before the current Garvaghy Road crisis.

On St Patrick's Day 1985 a nationalist accordion band was blocked by unionists on its route from Obins Street to the nearby Garvaghy Road, which would have taken it past Protestant houses.

Police then rerouted the parade causing nationalists to draw comparisons with the way the RUC had regularly facilitated Orange Order marches along Obins Street.

On July 7 that year, the RUC gave the green light for an Orange Order parade to go through the area known as the tunnel and down nationalist Obins Street.

Nationalist residents held a sit-down protest and a heavy police presence was required to form a barrier between them and the gathered Orangemen.

On the Twelfth a parade along the same route was also barred by police, sparking violent confrontations between loyalists and the RUC.

The following year, in 1986, an Apprentice Boys' Easter Monday parade was also rerouted by police, sparking further clashes.

July 12, 2003
________________

This article appeared first in the July 1, 2003 edition of the Irish News.


This article appears thanks to the Irish News. Subscribe to the Irish News



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